Stories by David Ebukali on Medium

<figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/1*jP16K0_0obXIGFxzPO0UIQ.jpeg"></figure><h3>What are embeddings ?</h3>
Embeddings are numerical representations of real-world objects like text, images and audio that machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) systems use to understand knowledge domains like humans do. As an example, computing algorithms understand that the difference between 2 and 3 is 1, indicating a close relationship between 2 and 3 as compared to 2 and 100.
Embeddings are commonly used for:
<ul>
<li>
Search (where results are ranked by relevance and meaning to a query string, image or audio)</li>
<li>
Recommendations (where items with related text strings or images are recommended)</li>
<li>
Anomaly detection (where outliers with little relatedness are identified)</li>
<li>
Classification (where text strings are classified by their most similar label)</li>
</ul>
<h3>What are Vectors in Embeddings ?</h3>
ML models cannot interpret information in their raw format and require numerical data as input. They convert real-word information into numerical representations called vectors. Vectors are numerical values that represent information. They help ML models to find similarities among different types of data.
Consider the following movies and TV shows. Each is characterized by the genre, type, and release year.
The Avengers (Adventure, 2023, Movie)
Upload (Comedy, 2023, TV Show)
Wonder Woman (Adventure, 2022, Movie)
Embedding vectors encode non-numerical data into a series of values that ML models can understand and relate. For example, the following is a hypothetical representation of the TV programs listed earlier.
The Avengers [1.2, 2023, 20.0]
Upload [2.3, 2023, 35.5]
Wonder Woman [1.2, 2022, 20.0]
The first number in the vector corresponds to a specific genre. An ML model would find that The Avengers and Wonder Woman share the same genre and therefore are related.
<h3>What are embedding models?</h3>
Embedding models are algorithms trained to encapsulate information into vector representations. Open AI, Google, Microsoft and AWS among others have APIs that can create embeddings at a cost. Take a look at <a href="https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers.js/tutorials/next">Hugging Face</a> for open source alternatives.
Typically the embeddings (numerical representation of data) are stored in a vector database like Postgres with pgvector extension, Neon Database or Supabase. We can then perform a vector similarity search on the embeddings to return relevant data.
<h3>Distance Metrics for Vector similarity search</h3>
Vector similarity search computes similarities (the distance) between data points. Calculating how far apart data points are helps us understand the relationship between them. Distance can be computed in different ways using different metrics. Some popular distance metrics include:
<ul><li>Euclidean (L2): Often referred to as the “ordinary” distance you’d measure with a ruler.</li></ul>
SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding &lt;-&gt; ‘[3,1,2]’ LIMIT 5;
<ul>
<li>Manhattan (L1): Also known as “taxicab” or “city block” distance.</li>
<li>Cosine: This calculates the cosine of the angle between two vectors.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Distance function operators</h3>
<ul>
<li>&lt;-&gt; — L2 distance</li>
<li>&lt;#&gt; — (negative) inner product</li>
<li>&lt;=&gt; — cosine distance</li>
<li>&lt;+&gt; — L1 distance</li>
</ul>
These operators can only be used within a vector database. Here are <a href="https://neon.tech/docs/ai/ai-intro#ai-starter-apps">links</a> to projects to get you started. <a href="https://github.com/neondatabase/yc-idea-matcher">This</a> was useful for me to implement semantic search in a NextJS application
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Understanding Embeddings in Artificial Intelligence

Remove symbolic link to default config from “/etc/nginx/sites-enabled”
Add your server config to “/etc/nginx/sites-available” and create a symbolic link to “/sites-enabled”
Restart server and viola :)
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NGINX Enable Site

<figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/1*ObGiFh8_vf8J5JOrZK6P8w.jpeg"><figcaption>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@frankiefoto?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">frank mckenna</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/s/photos/containers?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure>This is a quick tip to setup a cron job in php:7.4-fpm docker running Laravel.
Create a file called cron or anything you like and add below contents. ../app is the root folder for our laravel application where we have access to the artisan utility. The output of our schedule command will be sent to ../cron.log and can be viewed from the container bash terminal using tail -f /var/log/cron.log
<pre>* * * * * /usr/local/bin/php /var/www/app/artisan schedule:run &gt;&gt; /var/log/cron.log 2&gt;&amp;1 # empty line needed for cron to work</pre>
Edit your docker file as below. This copies your cron file from above, updates its permissions and creates the cron job.
<pre>FROM php:7.4-fpm</pre>
<pre># Install cron</pre>
<pre>RUN apt-get update &amp;&amp; apt-get install -y cron </pre>
<pre>COPY cron /etc/cron.d/cron</pre>
<pre>RUN chmod 0644 /etc/cron.d/cron</pre>
<pre>RUN crontab /etc/cron.d/cron </pre>
<pre># Create the log file to be able to run tail</pre>
<pre>RUN touch /var/log/cron.log </pre>
<pre># Start php-fpm server (for FastCGI Process Manager)</pre>
<pre>COPY ./entrypoint.sh /</pre>
<pre>ENTRYPOINT /entrypoint.sh</pre>
Since CMD in Dockerfile only accepts one command, we use entrypoint.sh to start cron as well as phpfpm. Create entrypoint.sh and add below contents. Make the file executable with chmod +x ./entrypoint.sh
<pre>#!/bin/bash</pre>
<pre>cron -f &amp;</pre>
<pre>docker-php-entrypoint php-fpm</pre>
Build your container and run tail -f /var/log/cron.log inside the bash terminal. If everything is working, you should see the output of schedule:run.
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Laravel and Cron Jobs in Docker php:7.4-fpm

<figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/1*L-LE8beeSGKwWL4HDBiwPQ.jpeg"></figure>Introduced in React 16.8
Lets you use state and other features without a class.
Rules:
-Only call them at the top
-Only call from react function components. Not regular js functions.
Uses a javascript caching technique called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoization">Memoization</a>.
Memoization
An optimization technique used primarily to speed up computer programs by storing the results of expensive function calls and returning the cached result when the same inputs occur again
<pre>/ a simple function to add something const add = (n) =&gt; (n + 10); add(9); // a simple memoized function to add something const memoizedAdd = () =&gt; { let cache = {}; return (n) =&gt; { if (n in cache) { console.log('Fetching from cache'); return cache[n]; } else { console.log('Calculating result'); let result = n + 10; cache[n] = result; return result; } } } // returned function from memoizedAdd const newAdd = memoizedAdd(); console.log(newAdd(9)); // calculated console.log(newAdd(9)); // cached</pre>
Memo
It’s a react hook that performs a comparison of the props, so if we try to render a component with the same props all the time, the component will render just once and will memorize. The only way to re-render the component is when a prop changes its value.
<pre>import { FC, useEffect, memo } from ‘react’;</pre>
<pre>const ListItem: FunctionComponent&lt;ComponentProps&gt; = (props) =&gt; {</pre>
<pre>};</pre>
<pre>export default memo(ListItem)</pre>
It is not a good idea to add memo to all our components unless it is totally necessary, otherwise, the process of shallow comparisons and memorization will have inferior performance than if we don’t use it.
useMemo
The useMemo Hook will memorize the result of a function and will have some dependencies to listen to.
<pre>import { useState, useMemo } from ‘react’;</pre>
<pre>const filteredTodoList = useMemo(() =&gt; todoList.filter((todo: Todo) =&gt; {</pre>
<pre>return todo.task.toLowerCase().includes(term.toLocaleLowerCase());</pre>
<pre>}), [term, todoList]);</pre>
When to use these hooks
<ul>
<li>Working with large data from some API</li>
<li>Your component needs to perform a lot of renders (normally huge lists).</li>
<li>When you notice that your app is going slow.</li>
</ul>
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React Hooks

I think people who have have endured and gone through difficult periods in their lives have built up resilience. They are able to take these experiences and use them to overcome difficult moments that come up subsequently in their lives. This is why we have rags to riches stories where a poor boy learns to work hard from a tender age and is therefore prepared to thrive in the world. Maybe it’s a tolerance for discomfort that he builds up facing harsh realities of poverty. These experiences in contrast to the struggle to make wealth sound like a walk in the park.
The spoon fed and average student of life who had cereals for breakfast as a boy and beef stake for lunch can also build resilience without necessarily going through the same difficulties. His privileges in life do not have to be a disadvantage. He should embrace suffering in the pursuit of his goals as the necessary price to pay. In the pursuit of the desire of his heart, the average student must be willing to pay the price of blood, sweat and tears without the need for a slave driver. Out of his own devices he must push himself to his limits and beyond them if he is to achieve his wildest dreams. May the God of Abraham help us in our pursuits. Amen.
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The Price

#Faster workflows
PS: Hot reloading depends on commands managed by npm, so make sure you have it installed.
To start your laravel development server in a windows development environment we run the command below in the windows cmd program.
<blockquote>php artisan serve</blockquote>
The result of running the above command is that windows will launch the local server bundled with Laravel. The output from command prompt when the server starts is as follows:
“Laravel development server started: &lt;<a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/">http://127.0.0.1:8000</a>&gt;”
To start hot reloading for Laravel in windows, we add the command below to the end of the file webpack.min.js;
<blockquote>mix.browserSync(‘127.0.0.1:8000’);</blockquote>
The IP address included in brackets ‘<a href="http://127.0.0.1:8000/">127.0.0.1:8000</a>’ is picked from the result of starting the local Laravel server.
Lastly, we run the above command using:
<blockquote>npm run watch</blockquote>
This will look through your webpack.min.js file for any commands like file concatenation or minification to execute them and also start the file watching for auto browser reloads.
If Browsersync is not installed, npm will install it and you have to rerun “npm run watch” to rewatch the files :)
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Hot Reloading Laravel

<h3>Quick Laravel Tip</h3>
<figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1024/0*BPxv-c0Lghd-cq-B"><figcaption>Photo by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@jdiegoph?utm_source=medium&amp;utm_medium=referral">Diego PH</a> on <a href="https://unsplash.com/?utm_source=medium&amp;utm_medium=referral">Unsplash</a></figcaption></figure>If you are a Laravel developer using a windows machine with Wamp Server, there’s a chance you have gone through the experience of setting up your enviroment to start shipping code.
This could include a series of simple tasks like firing up a couple of command prompt terminals to run the laravel-server at localhost:8000 (the port is usually configurable) and another for running inbuilt artisan commands; You will also need to boot up your browser, start wamp server and open your favourite web development IDE.
After going through the above steps a few dozen times I decided to create a bash script to run through the tasks for me; why not let the machines do what they do best — boring and repetitive tasks. The script that now labors for me is included below;
<pre>cd /D “E:\wamp64”</pre>
<pre>start wampmanager.exe</pre>
<pre>cd “www\bios-v2”</pre>
<pre>start cmd.exe /k “php artisan serve”</pre>
<pre>start cmd.exe</pre>
<pre>start cmd.exe /k “code .”</pre>
<pre>start chrome “http://localhost:8000"</pre>
A few notes from the code block above, please adjust the wamp64 paths to suit your own installation location. “code .” is a command to start Visual Studio Code in windows terminal. Please ask Google bots how to start your favourite editor in windows terminal.
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If you are a Laravel developer using a windows machine with Wamp Server,  there’s a chance you…

A brief sojourn with PHP
According to the <a href="https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/verify">official documentation</a> for google’s recapture software, after a user attempts the “I’m not a robot” challenge and submits the form, we can access the user response token in one of three ways,
<blockquote>“ g-recaptcha-response POST parameter when the user submits the form on your site”</blockquote>
<blockquote>“<a href="https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/display#js_api">grecaptcha.getResponse(opt_widget_id)</a> after the user completes the reCAPTCHA challenge” and</blockquote>
<blockquote>“As a string argument to your <a href="https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/display#render_param">callback function</a> if data-callback is specified in either the g-recaptchatag attribute or the callback parameter in the grecaptcha.render method”</blockquote>
In this post, we chose to use the first option as it seems straight forward; reading post parameters is fairly common in a developers daily code diet. For the more adventurous slayers and ninjas the second and third options can also be explored.
Our initial attempt at making a function to post verification requests to google looked like below:
<pre>function verifyUser($user_response_token){ $params = array( ‘secret’ =&gt; ‘use_your_secret_key_here’, ‘response’ =&gt; $user_response_token ); </pre>
<pre> $data = json_encode($params);</pre>
<pre> $client = new Client([ ‘headers’ =&gt; [‘Content-Type’ =&gt; ‘application/json’], ‘verify’ =&gt; false, ]);</pre>
<pre> $response = $client-&gt;post( ‘<a href="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/siteverify'">https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/siteverify'</a>, [‘body’ =&gt; $data]);</pre>
<pre> return json_decode($response-&gt;getBody(), true); }</pre>
The main thing to notice is the content type of json and $params array which causes an error response from google;
<pre>array:2 [▼ "success" =&gt; false "error-codes" =&gt; array:2 [▼ 0 =&gt; "missing-input-response" 1 =&gt; "missing-input-secret" ] ]</pre>
It complains that you did not include the user response token or secret key provided by google. This can be puzzling as both are included in the $params variable inside verifyUser() function listed above.
<blockquote>The reason for this error is that the verification url at “ https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/siteverify” only accepts post requests with content type of “application/x-www-form-urlencoded”.</blockquote>
This alternative content type also requires that parameters are url encoded. The function http_build_query() will help us encode our parameters.
Below is the edited final working version that returned green lights and approval from the bots at google.
<blockquote>PS: Client is a <a href="http://docs.guzzlephp.org/en/stable/">Guzzle Class</a>. We set ‘verify ’ =&gt; false because this code was run on a local server but for production consider setting it true.</blockquote>
<pre>function verifyUser($user_response_token) { $params = array( ‘secret’ =&gt; ‘use_your_secret_key_here’, ‘response’ =&gt; $user_response_token ); $post_data = http_build_query($params); $client = new Client([ ‘headers’ =&gt; [ ‘Content-Type’ =&gt; ‘application/x-www-form- urlencoded’ ], ‘verify’ =&gt; false, ]); $response = $client-&gt;post( 'https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api/siteverify', [‘body’ =&gt; $post_data]); return json_decode($response-&gt;getBody(), true); }</pre>
The response from calling the updated function is a war cry of true success as seen below. Please the read <a href="https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/verify">documentation </a>for details.
<pre>array:3 [▼ "success" =&gt; true "challenge_ts" =&gt; "2019-01-28T21:24:45Z" "hostname" =&gt; "localhost" ]</pre>
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Google Recapture Token Verification

<figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/821/1*JLbxRSe_YPCp4hxGRkBX8w.jpeg"><figcaption>Where is the money ?</figcaption></figure>Mark is a recent graduate from Uganda’s most prestigeous Makerere university in computer engineering;
A 4 year course that saw him absorb volumes of knowledge from textbooks and sit through hours of instruction in classrooms filled with students from all over the country; the brightest minds that Uganda has today who were lucky enough to make the cut and get through Makerere’s infamous admissions system.
All through university Mark has sat for tests and exams; skipping the recommended 8 hours of twisting and turning on a warm sponge mattress in favour of mastering concepts written down while in class; concepts that he will be required to pledge his allegiance to in written tests. The stakes are clear, answer correctly as many questions as you can to win highest acclaim and prestige.
In university as in all institutions of learning, understanding the material and answering test questions correctly will get you top marks and favour; The cause and effect principle is so clear that taking the time to read and study class content would invariably, always lead to the effect of good grades and straight A’s. The harder you worked, the higher your grades would increase in proportion.
Yes there were cases when tutors and lecturers seemed determined and bent on student failure; in these rare cases, the solutions were no where to be found either in the numerous pages of class notes nor the volumes of research books handed out. In spite of these rare cases, a hardworking student would generally end up with a high grade at the end of a semester or school term; given the cumulative method of calculating final results that considers an average of test scores from different exams and assignments. In this way, dismal results from a one off freak exam that wipes out all signs of intelligence in a classroom are offset by better scoring exams.
Mark is out on the streets of Kampala, filled with energy and ready to show the world what he can do. He wants to make his dent on the world doing awesome work that is fulfilling and pays the bills as well. The thought of entreprenuership is quite appealing and he carefully considers the options. He knows the math, that most startups in Uganda do not live beyond the first 1 year of life; He is forced to entertain a shift in his understanding of the way things work.
In school, he was certain of the rewards for an investment in effort studying but in the working world, nothing seems guaranteed. The effect he longs to hold is a fat cheque at the end of the day though its cause does not appear as straight a line as A to B. What do I have to do to get paid is a recurring theme in Mark’s mind ? Is there something real and tangible I can do that will like clock work always end up back at the 12 hour hand with green pockets ?
In school he recalls, he was guaranteed high rewards for consistent studying of the material; Perhaps, it was all a waste of time. A complete distortion of reality that actually puts you at a disadvantage in the working world. He thinks to himself about the requirements for a startup, time developing a concept and sweat executing; energy selling, promoting and raising money.
What’s In It for me asks himself ? With all this investment and the bad record of startups in our country, am I guaranteed a return on investment for all this exertion. Which rules are we playing to in this new game in the working world, where does my A grade come from ?
For now he resigns to doing his best, working hard in every phase of his startup without any guarantees of reward or recognition; All this so that if or perhaps when the referees or tutors in this game of work show up with gifts of gold and silver to spare, he wont be the reason for not receiving top marks or more aptly named the green pockets.
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Wii FM — What’s in it for me ?

<figure><img alt="" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/950/1*qqMhQ8Ow0jBskRFJXvX9LA.jpeg"></figure>The floor is warmer today, its a pleasant feeling knowing how chilly it can get without a lesu to wrap for a night’s sleep. Today was a good day, I had the largest catch in weeks, Auntie Black was pleased and handed me a lesu.
Our room was a tiny square deep in the slums of Katanga, 12 boys and girls crammed into an old mud and papyrus shelter roofed with the oldest iron sheets in the neighbourhood. We are indebted to Auntie Black for taking us in when no one else cared. She graciously provides us with a roof over our heads and in return we roam the streets of Kampala in search of easy pickings of wallets, phones, bags and her favourite, gold and silver jewellery.
People say that a long time ago, Auntie was a woman of the night who was so popular that ministers and business men we see on television would visit here in our house. They say when she grew old, the ministers stopped coming and that is when she started helping the young innocent children in Katanga out of her big heart.
It is still dark outside and the others are fast asleep. I can hear the occassional scrape of bodies against sisal mats and Owino’s gentle breathing next to me. He is my partner in crime, a dependable world class dancer to distract potential customers as I free them from heavy wallets and cumbersome jewellery. Today he out did himself prancing up and down like a crazy horse from Okello’s movie hall performing for a small group of people at the main taxi park in town.
It is always scary doing what we do, knowing that if the people caught us in the act it would mean a thorough beating without remorse or restrictions. Stealing in Katanga was such that people entertained it as long as it did not happen to them. Kitooko learnt this and paid the ultimate price after a fat lady grabbed his stray hand wandering around her purse. Her frantic screams attracted onlookers who made quick work of Kitooko’s tiny frame with a swift mob justice. His pleas fell to deaf ears as they threw slap after slap. He was taken to Mulago in critical state; Auntie Black says he is a hero who gave his life that we may have a better house and food to eat. I do not want to be a hero like Kitooko. I think that Auntie Black is a crazy old woman but for now she is the only chance I have for a safe place to sleep and warm food at the end of a working day.
Today started like most other days, I had a hollow feeling in my gut, a mix of fear and anxiety about the day that lay ahead. Would I make Auntie’s minimum loot of 20,000/= today or come out short and face a cold night out on the veranda with Simba the neighbourhood hound. After a quick mug of maize porridge I head out with Owino to find the end of our rainbow. We had our sights set on Kampala Taxi park. Partly because of the large numbers of people, it was easy to escape in case a customer discovered our plot.
Long lines of taxis in traffic jams also helped us evade pursuers because we were quite small to slide in the smallest spaces. As we stand in wait outside Kikuubo, the home of Kampala’s retail shops, Owino spots a potential target; he promptly elbows my arm and stares straight ahead in a way I have witnessed a hundred times now. I quickly notice the object of his curiosity, in the sea of people flowing to and fro along this busy street, one lady stood out. It was as if she had fallen out of one of those hacienda telenovas the women in Katanga loved to gossip and talk about all day and night.
If I recalled correctly, this could as well be Teresita from Maid In Manhattan; She did not belong here with her tiny nose and full lips; her shoes were too clean as though she walked in the clouds without the dust of Kampala touching them. But most importantly as my sidekick must have noticed, she had the most elaborate bracelet on her right arm. A diamond studded arm band about 1 inch wide bordered with silver and gold. Staring at this marvel reminded me of the prize from Aunty Black and I switched into action motioning Owino to engage distraction mode. Its too bad this Teresita look a like caught our attention, she should have stayed in Europe or America where people like her are safe from little snatchers.
Owino bolts ahead to perform his duties, easily squeezing in between the crowd of shoppers and trucks lining Kikuubo and occassionally using a flight of stairs as a viewing post to find his target. I follow him closely behind ready to take advantage of any opportunities. As he quickly approaches Teresita, the resourceful boy slows to a walking pace. He studies the target one last time to assess his options and then launches into character. “Please mummy, some money for lunch, I have not eaten in 3 days”, he cries out with a face that read a mix of cute, hungry, homeless kitten. The reaction from Teresita was enough to show the act was spot on. The fish had taken a bite and it was time to reel it in for the kill. Teresita was visibly touched by Owino’s charade she turned her full attention to him leaving her prized jewellery void of her field of view. Her right arm lazily rested by her side as she listened to the homeless boy’s ordeal.
On closer inspection, I noticed Teresita also had a laptop bag that she had now placed down to focus on Owino. This woman is definately not from around these parts where men wear backpacks on their chests. I take position across
from Owino where I am sure Teresita has a blindspot; I quickly smear my arms with vaseline to make the getaway that much easier and move in for the kill. The prize bracelet has a chain lock that I unhook in one movement as Owino
narrates his misfotune. The laptop bag is lighter than I thought making my getaway darting and dodging through the crowds. Owino abandons his post as well after hearing our call, a high pitched cry of polee, polee. Teresita did not notice anything, Owino had picked the perfect mark. A naive and kind hearted person.
So it was this successfull heist that led to our present comfort and luxury. The lesu was a warm shield that warded off a million arrows of cold air drafts that made way through cracks and gaps in the doors and windows. Before drifting
off to sleep, I think about Teresita, did she cry when she noticed her missing items. I thank her for her sacrifice before I am overcome with sleep.
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Informative

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